Substance Use Portrayel in Music

Substance use and addiction are both very prevalent in media today. Substance use is often especially portrayed in current music. In a study, researchers studied the prevalence of substance use in contemporary popular music. Two hundred seventy nine songs were analyzed from 2005. Researchers found that 41.6% of songs studied have a substance use reference of any kind (Primack, Dalton, Agarwal, & Fine, 2008). Approximately 33.3% of the songs contained explicit substance references (Primack, Dalton, Agarwal, & Fine, 2008).  The substances referenced most often were alcohol followed by marijuana. These references varied by song genre. Rap songs contained the most number of references of substance use (Primack, Dalton, Agarwal, & Fine, 2008).

There were numerous reasons represented within the songs for why substance use was occurring. The most common motivations for substance use were peer/social pressure, sexual, and financial (Primack, Dalton, Agarwal, & Fine, 2008). This information could be a major influence on teens and young adults of today because according to the study, the average adolescent is most likely exposed to approximately 84 references of substance use per day (Primack, Dalton, Agarwal, & Fine, 2008).

According to the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, this frequent exposure to substance use is associated with illicit-drug use and problems with alcohol in young people (Chen, Miller, & Grube, 2006). Also, the researchers suggest that the fact that teens and young adults are listening to this music shows their preference. This then may reinforce their positive attitude towards substance use (Chen, Miller, & Grube, 2006). The fact that substance use is so often referenced within popular music today is concerning. It is important for artists and society to be aware of the fact that music is a major influence for young people and that it may even affect their thoughts, attitudes, and behavior.

 

References:

Chen, M. J., Miller, B. A., & Grube, J. W. (2006). Influence of music on youth behaviors. Brown University Child & Adolescent Behavior Letter, 22(6), 3-4.

Primack, B. A., Dalton, M. A., Agarwal, A. A. & Fine, M. J. (2008). Content analysis of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs in popular music. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3004676/

Final Habit Post

The behavior I selected in the beginning of the semester to change was my work out schedule. My overall goal by the end of the semester was to be working out at least four times a week. I chose this behavior because I wanted to try to do something that would benefit me in some way and that would make me feel better about myself. In working out I would be healthier and would feel physically and mentally better. I also know that working out is a good coping strategy for stress. Since this was my most challenging semester since beginning college I felt I needed something to help me to cope. In order to be successful at making working out a habit, I needed to not only be motivated to go to the gym, but also I needed to stop procrastinating and making excuses.

 

At first it was very difficult for me to continually go to the gym at least four times a week. I struggled a lot in the beginning because I often made excuses that I was too busy that day or I would procrastinate and tell myself that I would definitely go to the gym tomorrow. Usually I did not go to the gym the next day. I had to finally accept that I was the problem and that I had to schedule time to go to the gym in order to be successful at this project. When I began scheduling times to go to the gym, it made it a little easier to be motivated to go to the gym. I still had some difficulty though. Since my tactics were not working as well as I had hoped, I decided to ask some of my friends to go to the gym with me on different days. This helped me a lot because they motivated me to go when I did not feel like it or felt like I did not have time. Throughout the semester it became easier to go to the gym continually and I even began going five or six times a week at one point. However, when I went home on Spring Break and for Easter, I had a bit of a relapse. I got out of my routine and when I got back to school it was a little difficult to become motivated again. It was not as difficult as when I first started however. Today, sometimes I still find myself making excuses or procrastinating going to the gym, but I have begun to take notice when I do this and push myself to do what is healthy for me.

 

At first I did not have much support to make working out a habit. However, when I began to go to the gym with my friends it made it a lot easier to become motivated to go and made it a lot more fun. Some days I even looked forward to going to the gym. My friends motivated me to go to the gym when I did not feel like it or when I felt overwhelmed with my work. I think that working out with my friends is a major reason for why I was successful with making working out a habit in my daily life.

 

One thing that I learned about myself through this assignment is that if I work hard I can accomplish anything that I want to. I also learned how much I procrastinate and make excuses for things that I do not want to do. I think that this is human nature to procrastinate when you do not want to do something, but in doing this project, I realized how much this affects my life. Becoming aware of how often I procrastinate and make excuses has helped me in not only being successful in this project, but also in other areas of my life. I have since been working on not procrastinating with school work. If I had not completed this project, I would not have realized how much stress procrastinating causes in my life. I also learned that I need to be willing to accept help. When I began this project I thought it would be easy for me to motivate myself to go to the gym. I did not think that I needed anyone’s help and that I could do it completely on my own. I learned through this project though that it is not always possible in life to accomplish everything on your own. I learned that sometimes, asking for help can be a good thing and that it can help me to accomplish my goals. I also learned not to give up especially when things were difficult. When I began this project, it was really difficult for me to make time in my schedule and to motivate myself to go to the gym. I continued to work at it though because I knew that it would be better for me in the end. Also, a big source of motivation was the fact that I did not want to have to write about how I did poorly on this project at the end of the semester. I learned that if I continue working at something, it will eventually get easier and I will be happier with the success in the end.

 

My habit was a small scale of what we have learned about in class. I feel that a lot of what we learned connects to my experience, which helped me during class. This allowed me to connect what we were learning to something I was actually experiencing, which made some of the concepts easier to understand. One concept that I thought about a lot during my experience was the Trans theoretical Model. The Trans theoretical Model included the stages precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. In a way I watched my progress through this model and it allowed me to see that I was making progress. Today I believe that I am in the maintenance phase in that I am working to continue to work out at least four times a week.

Throughout the semester we talked about the fact that in order to overcome an addiction, it is important to not only change that specific behavior, but also needing to change your thoughts and other behaviors. I experienced this during the project because I realized that in order to be successful I needed to change how I thought about working out and also my other behaviors. I found that when I ate better I was more inclined to go to the gym. I also found that it was necessary for me to be more organized and to plan my day ahead of time. I changed the way I thought about working out in that instead of thinking about it as something I had to do, I thought about it as something that would make me feel better after I was finished.

 

Based on what we have learned in class and my experience, I think that it would be very difficult for a person struggling with addiction to change his/her behavior. As I mentioned above, we learned that in order to overcome an addiction, it is important to change not only that specific behavior but also thoughts and other behaviors. When dealing with an addiction, the individual needs to change his/her whole life and find new ways of coping. I think that this would be a very difficult thing to do. For individuals struggling with addiction, their addiction is their coping strategy. When they stop doing the drug or behavior, they no longer know how to cope with life’s events. They then need to learn a whole new way of living and thinking. Even though my project was a very small scale to what individuals go through when recovering from an addiction, it gave me a small insight into how difficult it must be to overcome an addiction.

 

Based on what I have learned throughout the semester I think that support is a very important aspect of changing behavior. For people who are experiencing addiction, support is the most important thing to them. In order to change a behavior it is important to have people to talk to and to help you to continue to be motivated. It is important to look at the positives of why you are changing the behavior and why it will benefit you in the future. I think that the strengths perspective is very important in this situation. I also think that it is very important to work at understanding yourself and understand why the behavior is so important to you. This will help the individuals to not only work at changing the behavior, but also will help them to find a healthy alternative to the behavior.

 

I do believe that in a way habits can be broken. I think that it gets much easier to avoid doing something; however I think that the reflex is always there. I think that you always have to work at not having that habit, even if you aren’t always thinking about it. I do not necessarily believe that addictions can be cured. I think that individuals can overcome the addiction and can find positive things in their life to replace the addiction, but I think that they have to work every day to not use this substance or do a behavior. I think that over time it can become easier; however it is still important to be aware of yourself and understand that you have to continually work every day. The fact that many individuals who are addicted to a substance cannot use any other substances, such as alcohol or other drugs shows that addictions are not necessarily cured. Although addictions are not cured, they can be overcome, which shows that these individuals have great strength.

 

 

Legalization of Marijuana- Article Summary

Overview:

In the article Legalization of Marijuana: Potential Impact on Youth, the authors discuss potential impacts on youth if marijuana was to be legalized, briefly touch on medical marijuana, and compares the approaches to the legal status of marijuana. The authors discuss the fact that there are generally two sides to the debate on the legalization of marijuana. One side is those who believe marijuana not to be dangerous. The other side is those who believe that it is dangerous and should be illegal. These individuals often believe that the decriminalization or legalization of marijuana would increase the use of the drug substantially. The authors also briefly touched on the prohibition, decriminalization, and legalization continuum. Prohibition would mean that marijuana would be illegal and there would be penalites for selling, purchase, and possession of the drug. This side of the continuum works to decrease use. Decriminalization would meant that penalties for selling, purchase, and possession would not occur, however it would remain illegal. This prohibits the advertising of marijuana. Legalization would allow for the advertising of marijuana, but like alcohol, use would be illegal until the age of 21 (Joffe & Yancy, 2004). 

The authors also discussed he potential impact of the legalization of marijuana on youth. One concern is the fact taht legalization could result in advertisements of marijuana. These may be direcred towards adolescents, which may increase use. Also, the portrayal of marijuana on television could increase, which could also increase use in adolescents. Since there would also be less of a threat of punishment, individuals may start drug use younger (Joffe & Yancy, 2004).

Connection to Class:

This article connects to what we have discussed in class in that we recently learned about the prohibiton, decriminalization, and legalization continuum of marijuana. It is important to think of the effects that changing marijuana laws may have on adolescents and our society as a whole. It is also important to think about the effects of keeping our laws the same.

Sources:

Joffe, A. & Yancy, W. (2004). Legalization of marijuana: Potential impact on youth. Pediatrics,113(6), 632-638. Retrieved from www.ebscohost.com

Interview Assignment

Interview:

The agency that I selected to call for an interview was The Lancaster Freedom Center. I spoke to an individual who works at the agency. The agency provides outpatient and intensive patient care for individuals who are suffering from chemical addictions and mental health issues. The Lancaster Freedom Center provides outpatient individual therapy, intensive outpatient treatment (IOP), educational group, after care group, and adolescence and family groups. Intensive outpatient treatment is three days a week for two hours everyday. The after care group is the group that some clients attend after intensive outpatient treatment when they are not completely ready to stop the program. The agency's framework is a 12 step model. The Lancaster Freedom Center also uses intervention, education, and provides referrals if necessary to inpatient counseling. This agency serves a few hundred clients, but could not give an exact number. The legal and ethical guidelines that The Lancaster Freedom Center follows includes HIPPA, which has to do with confidentiality. This is even more strict than medical HIPPA because it is important for the counselor to be careful of what they tell the parents if a child is under age.

Connection to Class:

This connects to class in that it allows us to see a specific example of a treatment center and the services that they provide. I was able to understand the services and how they work with individuals who struggle with addictions. I was able to learn about the treatment center and connect the different services with what we have learned about in class.

Ethnic Differences in Alcoholism

Article Summary:

In the article Age and Ethnic Differences in the Onset, Persistence and Recurrence of Alcohol Use Disorder, Grant et al. discuss ethnic differences in the prevalence of alcoholism. This study also touches on some differences in seeking treatment. This study wanted to establish ethnic differences in three components of alcohol use/dependence disorder; onset, presistence, and recurrence. The participants in this study included white individuals, black individuals, US born Hispanic individuals, or Hispanics born outside the US. The authors of this article found that immigrants (Hispanics born outside the US) are at less of a risk for developing an alcohol use disorder. Also, the model of acculturation suggests that Hispanics from the US are at risk for being marginalized. This occurs because these individuals may be at a higher risk of losing their connection with their original culture, but not completely becoming acculturated the the new culture (Grant et al., 2012).
There is also a difference in alcohol-based treatment utelization between different ethnicities. The authors found that Blacks and Hispanics are less likely than whites to seek alcohol treatment. Blacks are also less likely to seek mental health services and Hispanics are less likely to use mutual aid (Grant et al., 2012).

Connection to Class:

This article connects to class in that this week we are discussing racial, ethnic, and cultural issues related to addictions. People of different ethnicities, races, and cultures all define alcoholism differently as well as approach treatment differently. This can cause difficulties in seeking treatment in the US when US culture does not match their specific thoughts or beliefs. This can also create difficulty in that some races or ethnicities may be less likely to seek treatment, and so it is important to tailor treatments to each individual.

References:

Grant, J. D., Verges, A., Jackson, K. M., Trull, T., Sher, K., & Bucholz, K. Age and ethnic differences in the onset, persistence and recurrence of alcohol use disorder. Addiction, 107(4): 756-765. doi: 10.111/j.1360-0443.2011.03721.x
add_3721 756..765

In the Movies: Like Dandelion Dust

Overview:

Picture from entertainmentwallpaper.com

The film that I chose that relates to addiction is Like Dandelion Dust. This film is about two families who are connected through a child. The Campbells is the first family. This family consists of Jack, who is a wealthy business man, his wife, Molly, who is a stay at home mom, and their son Joey, who is six years old. The other family is the Porters. This family consists of Wendy and Rip, who are married. Seven years prior, Rip, who struggles with alcoholism, was sent to prison because he beat Wendy up when he was drunk. When Rip was released from prison, Wendy was very supportive and happy to have him home. He learns that while he was in prison, Wendy had their child and gave it up for adoption. This child is the Campbells adopted son Joey. Wendy did not want to tell Rip about their son while he was in prison and so her mother forged his signature on the adoption papers. Because of this Rip is able to ask for them to have their son back.

The Campbells have no choice but to let Joey visit his biological parents. Throughout the movie Jack and Molly do everything they can to keep Joey, but because the signature was forged there is nothing they can do. Through the movie, both families struggle with the transition of Joey beginning to know his biological parents. Because of all the stress of the situation, Rip begins to drink again. One night he drinks so much that he once again beats Wendy. Because of this, Wendy decides that it is in the best interest of Joey for him to continue to live with his adoptive parents, the Campbells.
Rip then enters treatment for his alcoholism and works to remain sober. He and Wendy realize that his sobriety is the most important thing and that they need to concentrate on that before trying to start a family.

Addiction in the Movie:

I feel that the movie portrayed addiction very realistically. Sobriety did not come easy for Rip, even though he wanted to remain sober more than anything. I think that the movie also portrayed how stressors in life can affect individuals and their quest to remain sober. I think that the movie also portrayed the family dynamics that often take place when addictions are involved. Often, family members are somewhat enabling towards the individual who is experiencing addiction. They do not purposely do this, it is just a natural reaction to addiction. It seems like Wendy was somewhat enabling to Rip in the beginning because she did not step in until he beat her up so badly that she had to call the police. Also, she remained loyal to him while he was in prison and was very supportative of him when he came home. She broke this pattern of enabling though when Joey was involved. She no longer made excuses for Rip, but held him accountable for his actions and did not allow him to hurt the people around him anymore.

I was somewhat empathetic towards Rip throughout the movie. He was working very hard throughout the movie to remain sober and to better his life. When he was released from prison he worked to gain Wendy's trust again, fixed up their house, and got a job. Even when he was experiencing the stressors that were present in his life, he tried very hard to resist alcohol. I thought that it was very honorable of Rip that he was able to admit when he was wrong and did not make excuses for his actions. There were times though when I was not as empathetic towards Rip. I felt that he was somewhat selfish for taking Joey away from the only home and the only loving parents that he had ever known. I did not think that this was fair to Joey and I think that Rip was thinking more about his and Wendy's happiness than Joey's. I also became angry with Rip when he once again beat Wendy up. I felt like he had taken so many steps towards sobriety throughout the movie, and I was upset that he was hurting the person that loved him the most.

As I said earlier, I think that the portrayal of addiction in this movie was very accurate within the family. Also, in the movie when Jack was trying to find a way to keep Joey, Jack tried to pay Rip off because he thought that Rip was only trying to get Joey for the money. I think that this is an accurate portrayal of the reaction of society towards those that struggle with addiction. Society often looks down on people who struggle with addiction and think the worst of them. I think that this occurs because people are not always educated about addictions and how difficult it is to attain and remain sober. It is not fair that society reacts this way, but I think that this movie had a very accurate portrayal of the negative stigmas that are often attached to addiction.


Picture from trulymovingpictures.org

This movie related to what we have learned in class in many ways. We learned about how difficult it is to remain sober and the fact that many people use their addictions to cope with stressors in life. This was portrayed in the movie when Rip used alcohol to cope with the stressors occurring. We also learned about family reactions and societal reactions in class, which was also portrayed in the film.

Chapter 8- Treating Homeless Clients with Co-occurring Disorders

Introduction:

Helping Homeless Individuals with Co-occurring Disorders: The Four Components by An-Pyng Sun is about homeless individuals experiencing co-occurring disorders (CODs) and how to effectively provide treatment to these clients while also decreasing their homelessness. Individuals with CODs are more likely to experience homelessness and so it is important to understand and learn the most effective means for treating clients experiencing this (Sun, 2012).

Article Summary:

In this article, Sun establishes and summarizes four main components that are necessary in treating homeless individuals with CODs. The first is ensuring an effective transition from an institution to the community. This involves numerous different tactics, such as establishing rules regarding discharge planning and developing a thorough discharge plan. This also involves offering critical time intervention. Critical time intervention goes one stop beyond discharge. It pairs the client with a social worker after discharge to help the individuals to remain stable and to have the resources to continue along the path of recovery (Sun, 2012). This step also involves providing motivational interviewing. This increases the chances of clients to attend outpatient appointments and helps them to remain committed to treatment. It is also important to engage clients early and to allocate funds for the client, which involves providing funds for rent, deposits, bills, etc. before they have employment (Sun, 2012).
The second component to treating homeless individuals experiencing CODs is to increase resources available to the clients. Many homeless individuals consider their economic situation to cause their homelessness, not their COD. Because of this, it is important to have economic resources available to the clients, such as government benefits (social security, income support, etc.), and to connect them with employment opportunities (Sun, 2012).
The third component is to link these clients to housing. Many times these clients place housing needs over all other needs. They will not be able to work on substance abuse issues if they are concerned about housing. Therefore, the social worker needs to start where the client is and help them with their most concerning issue (Sun, 2012).
Lastly, it is important to offer co-occurring treatment to these clients. It is more effective to combine psychiatric treatment with substance abuse treatment. In doing this, clients will be more likely to continue on the path to recovery (Sun, 2012).

Connection to Class:

This article connects to our class and our reading in that it is talking about co-occurring disorders. The article talks about how difficult it is to treat individuals not only with co-occurring disorders, but also those who are experiencing homelessness. It is important to understand the most effective treatments because this is an issue that is very prevalent in society and one that is not always focused on. In our reading for this week, the book mentioned treating homeless individuals and how professionals cannot always be sure whether the homelessness caused the disorders, or vice versa. It is very difficult to determine this, and so as the article states, we must start where the client is. I think that this article touched on a very good point when it stated that we need to help clients have stable housing before they can focus on their treatment.

Resources:

Sun, An-Pyng. (2012). Helping homeless individuals with co-occurring disorders: The four components. Social Work, 57(1), 23-37. doi: 10.1093/sw/swr008

Recovery Group Meeting

Introduction:

Last week I attended a Recovery Group Meeting. The meeting I chose to attend was an AA meeting. I found this meeting to be very eye opening and humbling. I thought that it was amazing how strong these individuals are and how dedicated they are to making their lives better.

 

Who Attended the Meeting:

There were numerous individuals at the meeting that I attended. I was surprised at how crowded it was. Before attending the meeting, I expected that maybe 20 people would attend, but I was actually very surprised at the fact that there were probably up to 40 people participating in the meeting. I noticed that there were more males at the meeting than females. And I wonder if this has to do with differences with addiction and recovery in gender. I also wonder if this has to do with differences in the types of treatment that women versus men prefer. Most of the population at the meeting were Caucasian, although there were individuals of other ethnicities present. The individuals at the meeting did not look like what some would say "the stereotypical alcoholic" would look like. There were people of all ethnicities, jobs, and backgrounds present. I think one of the most important things for people to be aware of is the fact that there all different kinds of people who have substance abuse/use issues, and individuals should not be judged based on how they look or do not look.

 

Format of the Meeting:

The meeting was ran by one man, who was also a former alcoholic. He first opened up the meeting by introducing himself and asking that two individuals attending the meeting read the purpose of AA and also read the 12 steps aloud. The man in charge of the meeting then asked if anyone had a topic that they would like to be discussed for the next hour. When someone raised their hand and stated their topic, the facilitator then asked that individual to give their input on the topic. After this, the topic was opened for discussion to everyone in the group. The rest of the meeting ran very smoothly. When someone has input about the topic that was chosen, they would simply raise their hand and the facilitator would call on them. There was no time limit or restrictions on what the individual could say during the discussion. Also, no one was forced to talk that did not want to, which I thought was very important. Since the meetings are only held for an hour, approximately five minutes before the meeting ended, the facilitator ended the discussion and gave a small summary of what participants had to say about the topic.

 

Interactions:

While at the meeting, I observed numerous interactions between the participants as well as the facilitator. I was surprised at how relaxed and informal the meeting was. There was coffee and snacks that participants could have. Also, although there was a circle of chairs, individuals could choose to sit at tables. The interactions between indivuals were very informal, yet respectful. Many times throughtout the meeting, individuals would respond to something a person said or a concern that was stated prior to them speaking. They often gave each other advice and encouragement. I thought that this was absolutely amazing because although these individuals were attending the meeting in order to help themselves continue on the path to recovery, they also worked to help eachother. The interaction between the participants and the facilitator was also informal. The facilitator did not do much talking throughout the meeting, but just let the participants talk about whatever they felt was important. Everyone in the group was constantly supportative of eachother and worked very hard to do whatever they could to encourage each other.

 

My Involvement:

I was not very involved in the meeting. When I arrived at the meeting, I introduced myself to the facilitator and told him why I was attending the meeting. He was very pleased that I was attending and everyone was very open to the fact that I was observing. I did not feel that it was my place to say anything during the meeting because I am not an expert, nor do I have the experience that they do. During the meeting I just listened to what everyone said and observed what happened. After the meeting, however, I did get to talk to a few individuals who participated in the meeting. They were very interested in why I was attending the meeting and seemed happy that I was interested in understanding the process of AA.

 

Helpful?:

I do think that this meeting was very helpful to many of the participants. Numerous individuals stated that even though they have been sober for a few years, they still continue to try to attend one meeting a day. I was very surprised by this, but I think that it shows how much these meetings do help people who struggle with substance use. Also, the fact that everyone attending the meeting has the same issue as you helps individuals a lot. Although everyone in the room may be different and come from a different background, they all have one thing in common and are able to understand each other because of this. By attending these meetings, the individuals feel understood and can gain support from people who are going through the same thing as they are. Everyone in the room was so incredibly supportative of eachother and so welcoming. Even though they had never seen me before this meeting, they were all so kind and welcoming to me. I am not sure whether or not I think that this should replace individual therapy, but I do think that it is an important and in some cases it is necessary in order to recover.

 

Connection to Class:

This connected to class in numerous ways. This allowed me to experience first-hand a recovery meeting. In class and in readings we have learned about numerous treatments and recovery techniques for individuals struggling with substance use. Attending this meeting really helped me to not only understand this particular meeting, but also see how difficult it must be to work to alleviate substance use. This also connected to us studying alcoholism and numerous other substances. Although the individuals in the meeting did not discuss how often they used or how much, they did talk about how difficult it is to resist drinking in their daily lives. They have to make a conscious effort everyday not to drink, especially when a stressful event occurs. This really opened my eyes to how strong these individuals are. This connected to our current topic in class, which was about strengths based perspectives. In this meeting, I noticed individuals using a lot of strengths based statements. They were constantly encouraging eachother and helping one another to see the good in themselves. They worked to help eachother understand their own strengths and how they can use these to continue on the right path. I found this meeting to be very interesting and think that it has really helped me to connect many of the topics in class to indivduals' experiences.

Narrative Therapy

Overview:

Narrative therapy was developed by Michael White and David Epston. These individuals were influenced by Michel Foucault who thought that normalizing practices were damaging to individuals. He believed that these practices undermine people's efforts to lead their own life. Narrative therapy looks at clients' innate strengths and resources, and pay attention to patterns of meaning in life histories. This is a therapy in which therapists emphasize stories of people's lives. This makes a difference in clients' lives by telling and retelling stories. Narrative therapy works to separate the problem from the personal identity of clients. This concept is referred to as externalization. Also, this form of therapy requires the therapist to listen intensely and to be persistent. The therapist must track the problem's effect on the clients' lives and look at how the problem "influences, tricks, or recruits" the client. Another strategy used by therapists in narrative therapy is the use of "exception questions." An example of an "exception question" is "What's the longest time you stood up to booze?" Therapists then use these stories as evidence that a person is strong. This is also how the client and the therapist work to "rewrite the life story." After this, the client works to think about future developments of the new life.

Impact on Addictions:

Narrative therapy could have an impact on the treatment of addictions. This therapy could work to help clients in numerous stages, especially the shame, guilt, and anger stage. In this stage, therapists using narrative therapy could use an exception question and help the person to see that they are strong and that they can work to change their lives. This therapy could help to break this cycle by showing the client that there is hope and that in rewriting their life story, they can break their addiction.

Helpful in My Future Career:

This approach could help me in the future with my career in that I can use it to work with clients. I can have them tell stories and intrepret these stories in a therapeutic way. Also, I can use exception questions to help clients understand their strengths and have hope for the future.

References:

Van Wormer, K, & Davis, D. R. (2008). Addiction treatment: A strengths perspective. (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.

 

Compulsive Shopping

Definition:

Compulsive spending is an addiction that can cause many issues for not only the addict, but also his/her family and friends. Compulsive shopping is “a pattern of chronic, repetitive purchasing that becomes difficult to stop and ultimately results in harmful consequences” (Illinois Institute for Addiction Recovery, n.d., pg. 1). Compulsive shopping is considered to be an impulse control disorder. It has features similar to other addictions; however it does not involve the use of an intoxicating drug (Illinois Institute for Addiction Recovery, n.d.). Approximately 2 to 8% of individuals in the United States are thought to be prone to shopping compulsively (Wormer & Davis, 2008). Compulsive shopping is a cycle of spending, which makes the individual feeling happy and gratified. The individual then experiences after effects of remorse and guilt. These negative feelings then drive the individual back to purchasing again. Many compulsive shoppers have co-morbid disorders, such as mood disorders, substance abuse, or eating disorders. This addiction can also affect the individual’s interpersonal, occupational, family, and financial situation in life (Illinois Institute for addiction Recovery, n.d.).   

How to determine if it is an addiction:

If an individual identifies with 4 or more of the following behaviors, this indicates a possible problem with shopping or spending (Illinois Institute for Addiction Recovery, n.d.).

·         Shopping or spending money as result of feeling disappointed, angry, or scared

·         Shopping or spending habits causing emotional distress in one’s life

·         Having arguments with others about one’s shopping or spending habits

·         Feeling lost without credit cards

·         Buying items on credit that would not be bought with cash

·         Feeling a rush of euphoria and enxiety when spending money

·         Felling guilty, ashamed, embarrassed, or confused after shopping or spending money

·         Lying to other about purchases made or how much money was spent

·         Thinking excessively about money

·         Spending a lot of time juggling accounts or bills to accommodate spending

Treatment:

In order to overcome compulsive shopping, some steps that individuals can take are to “have only one or no credit cards, to shop with cash only, to avoid shopping or buying online, and to exercise when there is an urge to shop (Wormer & Davis, 2008, pg. 311). Individuals who are experiencing compulsive shopping can also receive therapy for their shopping addiction. Because there is often an underlying reason for compulsive shopping, therapists work with the client in order to understand these issues. By understanding these issues that the client may not even be aware of, the client is able to deal with the real problem and can work to improve this issue. In doing this, the individual will be better able to control his/her compulsions (GoodTherapy.org, 2013). There are also groups called Debtors Anonymous (DA), which are becoming more popular in the United States. These groups are compared to AA and NA. The individuals at DA first admit that they have a problem and then work to create a budget and a repayment plan. This group also serves as a support system for the individual (Wormer & Davis, 2013).   

References:

GoodTherapy.org. (2013). Compulsive spending/shopping. Retrieved from http://www.goodtherapy.org/therapy-for-compulsive-shopping.html#Therapy for Shopping Addiction

Illinois Institute for Addiction Recovery. (n. d.). Shopping. Retrieved from http://www.addictionrecov.org/Addictions/?AID=34

Van Wormer, K., & Davis, D. R. (2008). Addiction treatment: A strengths perspective (2^nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Image from https://www.google.com/

Ketamine

Overview

Ketamine, also referred to as K, Special K, Vitamin K, green, and jet, is a hallucinogen and dissociative drug. Ketamine can be snorted, swallowed, or injected (DrugFree.org, 2013). Some  short-term effects include dream-like states and hallucinations, sensations of being separated from the body, and terrifying feelings including near-death experiences (“bad trips” and “K-holes”). Low doses of Ketamine can cause impaired attention, learning ability, and memory and high doses can result in delirium, amnesia, impaired motor function, high blood pressure, depression, and potentially fatal respiratory problems (DrugFree.org, 2013). Ketamine effects resemble the state of mind of schizophrenic psychosis (World Health Organization, 2012). These effects also resemble those of PCP, but the effects last for a much shorter duration. Because Ketamine is odorless and tasteless, the drug is sometimes used as a “drug rape.” (DrugFree.org, 2013).

History

Ketamine was created by Doctor Calvin Stevens in 1962 as a replacement for anesthetic phencyclidine (PCP or “angel dust”) because of the unpredictable and violent effect it had on patients (TheSite.org, 2010). Ketamine became popular as an anesthetic drug in the medical field because “of its ability to bring on sleep, relieve pain, and produce short-term memory loss in surgical patients” (eNotes, n.d., pg 1). Doctors felt that the drug would also make patients feel more relaxed and comfortable when awaking from surgery. In the 1970s, physicians began to use this drug on patients. It was also used on the battlefield by the military as an anesthetic. This increased use of Ketamine lead to the spread of knowledge of the drug’s effects. Ketamine has also used by veterinarians during surgical procedures on animals.(eNotes, n.d.)

Although using hallucinogenic drugs began to become popular in the 1970s, Ketamine did not become popular until the late 1980s and early 1990s. This drug slowly emerged as a club drug, which was used at raves. Ketamine continued to gain in popularity among young people through the middle and late 1990s (eNotes, n.d.).

Today, Ketamine is illegal and cannot be legally sold or bought without a prescription in the United States. The DEA added Ketamine to the list of Substance III drugs on August 12, 1999. According to the Controlled Substances Act, Substance III drugs can be used for medical use (eNotes, n.d.). A current study from Monitoring the Future Study “reports the annual prevalence in school students as 0.8%, 1.2%, and 1.7% for 8^th, 10^th, and 12^th grade (World Health Organization, 2012, pg 4).  

Addiction and Treatment

Although Ketamine abuse does not often lead to a physical addiction, as with alcohol or heroine, individuals who abuse this drug can become psychologically addicted to the substance and the effects that it produces. Thus, when these individuals cease the use of Ketamine, they may experience cognitive and psychological symptoms, which make it very difficult for them to stop using the drug. Treatment for Ketamine abuse and addiction can depend on the age and gender of the patient, the amount of time drug abuse occurred and the severity of the problem. It can also depend on if there are any co-occurring disorders (CRC Health Group, 2011).

Treatment options for Ketamine abuse include outpatient, residential, or partial hospitalization. There are numerous therapies and techniques that can be used to treat Ketamine abuse, such as individual therapy, group therapy, family therapy, 12-Step education, relapse-prevention instruction, cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, biofeedback and neurofeedback, medication management, anger management, hypnotherapy, and recreation therapy (CRC Health Group, 2011).

My Thoughts

I think the fact that Ketamine is not very well known by many people and that it is not as widely available as other drugs is related to the fact that the drug is not used as often and is not as popular among young people. The abuse and dependence of Ketamine is very dangerous for individuals because the effects are not always known. The fact that these effects are not widely known is not only dangerous to users, but is also dangerous to individuals who may have been “slipped” the drug. Others may not recognize these effects and may not realize the dangers that it presents. The abuse and dependence on Ketamine can affect individuals and families immensely. Even though it is not necessarily a physical dependence, individuals can still have much difficulty stopping use, which can negatively affect their physical health, along with their social relationships and their ability to participate in society, such as maintaining a stable job and having the basic essentials. It is important to recognize this drug as psychologically addictive and help individuals who are dependent on the substance to receive the treatment needed, which is part of society’s responsibility.

References

CRC Health Group. (2011). Treatment for ketamine addiction. Retrieved from http://www.crchealth.com/addiction/ketamine-addiction-treatment/

DrugFree.org. (2013). Ketamine. Retrieved from http://www.drugfree.org/drug-guide/ketamine

eNotes. (n.d.). Ketamine. Retrieved from http://www.enotes.com/ketamine-reference/ketamine

TheSite.org. (2010). Ketamine: The story. Retrieved from http://www.thesite.org/drinkanddrugs/drugculture/wheredrugscomefrom/ketamine

World Health Organization. (2012). Ketamine: Expert peer review on critical review report (2). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/4.2.1ExpertreviewKetaminecriticalreview.pdf

Image from google images.

 

Habit Experiment

For our addictions class, we are doing an experiment in which we are choosing a habit to change. We began tracking our habits two weeks ago and kept track of how often we did specific habits. After tracking our habits, we chose one to change. We will work for 90 days to change the habit and continually keep track of how often it occurs, what we do to try to change the habit, and the results of the experiment.

The habit that I chose to change for this experiment is my exercise routine. I want to begin working out at least four times a week, every week. The reason that I chose this for my habit is the fact that I always want to exercise more. Every time I do this though I am successful the first week, but after that I make excuses, such as I am too busy, too tired, etc. And so I am going to use this experiment as a way to force me to stick to this habit. This change will impact me in that I will become more physically healthy and will feel better. Also, when I do not work out I do not sleep as well, and so I am hoping that by doing this I will begin to sleep better. I am very committed to making this change and would my commitment as 8 out of 10.

My specific goals pertaining to my new exercise plan is to work out at least four times a week for 45 minutes to an hour. I will track this every week and keep track of any reasons I do not workout. In order to be successful, I am going to try to go to the gym when my friends go. This will make it more fun for me and they will also encourage me to go even when I am busy or tired.  

Heroin

Overview

 

Heroin is a highly addictive drug that has been prevalent in the United States for centuries. Heroin the most commonly abused and most addictive form of opiates. It is often a white or brownish color powder, but it can also be a black sticky substance called “black tar,” which is common when being sold from Mexico (The University of Arizona, n.d.).

 

http://methoide.fcm.arizona.edu/infocenter/index.cfm?stid=174

Heroin is a depressant, which means that it depresses the central nervous system. This lowers anxiety and can even induce anesthesia or death if administered at a high dosage (Van Wormer & Davis, 2008). Heroin is originally derived from opiates, which are naturally occurring chemicals from opium poppy. It can be smoked, snorted, or injected. Although it was commonly used by physicians to alleviate physical pain in the past, it is popular among addicts to alleviate psychological pain. The short-term effects of heroin use include a surge of euphoria. Tolerance of heroin is very high, which means that user must continually increase their dose in order to experience these euphoric effects. Withdrawal from heroin is extremely painful for users. Some of these symptoms include drug craving, muscle pain, restlessness, cold flashes, diarrhea, and vomiting. These symptoms can occur in as little as a few hours after use in people who regularly use (Van Wormer & Davis, 2008).

 The movie Trainspotting illustrates many of the withdrawal symptoms experienced by heroin users. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJttF9NIuXM

 

History

Opium was the first of the opiates. This is derived from the sap of opium poppies. In the US in the 18^th century, opium was used by physicians in order to treat many painful symptoms. Towards the end of the 18^th century, physicians noticed that many individuals were becoming addicted, and so in 1805, morphine, which was isolated from opium, was used to cure opium addiction. Morphine use increased in the years following due to the fact that the euphoric effects of morphine are about tem times those of opium (The University of Arizona, n.d.).

In 1874, an English chemist derived heroin from morphine. Heroin was used as a replacement of morphine due to morphine abuse. In 1898, heroin began to be produced commercially by the Bayer Pharmaceutical Company (The University of Arizona, n.d.).

The first widespread addiction of heroin in the US was documented during the Civil War from 1861 to 1865. It was marked as the “wonder drug,” which contributed to the widespread use by physicians and users. Throughout the early 1900s, narcotics, including heroin, were freely distributed to patients. According to the Institute of Medicine, by 1900, approximately 300,000 American were addicted to opiates. Between 1910 and 1950, the most common abusers of heroin were those in their teens or early 20s, who were unmarried, poor, primarily male, and ethnic minorities (NIDA International Program, 2006).

Administering heroin intravenously became more common in the US after World War II. The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) documents that there was an immense increase of heroin use during the early 1970s and between 1995 and 2002. According to the 2003 NSDUH, an estimated 3.7 million people have used heroin at some time in their lives. Over 119,000 of these individuals report using heroin within one month preceding the survey. Approximately 314,000 Americans had used heroin in the past year. Most of these users were individuals who were 26 years or older. In this survey, “57.4% of past heroin users were classified with dependence on or abuse of heroin and an estimated 281,000 persons received treatment for heroin abuse” (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2005, p. 1).

When heroin use became widespread in the US, there was very minimal government involvement. There were not any Federal regulations about the manufacture, distribution, or use of heroin. There were a few state laws, but they were only enforced sporadically. In 1906, the Pure Food and Drug Act authorized federal regulations on medications. Heroin was finally placed under federal control in 1914 by the Harrison Narcotic Act. This required individuals who sold or distributed narcotics to register with the Federal government and pay an excise tax. Criminalization of narcotic use began in the US between 1924 and 1960. During this time, the US implemented stiffer narcotic policies, which called for mandatory sentences for possession and sale of opioids in 1951. The US government also signed the Geneva Convention of 1925 and the Limitation Convention of 1931, which limited the manufacturing of narcotics (NIDA International Program, 2006).

In the 20^th century, the US government took a medical-criminal approach. As science advanced, this lead to an increase in the understanding of addiction. In 1962, the White House Conference on Narcotic Drug Abuse “first recommended more flexible sentencing, wider latitude in medical treatment, and more emphasis on rehabilitation and research” (NIDA International Program, 2006, p. 4).

By 1971, the Special Action Office of Drug Abuse Prevention (SAODP) was established within the White House. The SAODP was responsible for drug treatment and rehabilitation, prevention, education, training, and research. Currently in the US, heroin is regulated under the Controlled Substance Act (NIDA International Program, 2006).  

 

My Thoughts

 

After looking over many resources about heroin addiction and the history of heroin in the US, I see now more than ever how important it is to provide treatment to individuals with drug addictions and to work to prevent addiction from occurring. Although heroin is a very dangerous drug, it is not the only drug that can cause harm to individuals and even society. I think that it is very important to continue to gain scientific knowledge about drugs and continually work to provide treatments for drug users. In my opinion, it is also important to remain aware of prescription drugs and the addictiveness of some of them because in the case of opium, the addictive nature of the drug was not recognized.

 

Government Influence

 

I do think that the government somewhat influences the use of substances, including heroin. On on side, I think the fact that it is so taboo to do heroin could influence some individuals, especially young people to try it. However, I think that it is necessary for the government to be very strict about heroin and individuals who use it. I do not agree with the governments tactic of sending users to jail because this does not necessarily help them to overcome their addiction. Instead of responding with jailtime, the government should use drug courts and other treatment options before resorting to jail time for offenders.

 

Sources:

Van Wormer, K, & Davis, D. R. (2008). Addiction treatment: A strengths perspective. 2nd ed. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole

 

The University of Arizona. (n.d.). Heroin overview: Origin and history. http://methoide.fcm.arizona.edu/infocenter/index.cfm?stid=174

 

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2005). Heroin: Abuse and addiction. http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/heroin-abuse-addiction

 

NIDA International Program. (2006). Methadone Research Web Guide. http://international.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/methadoneresearchwebguide.pdf

Intro

I chose to take this course because as a social work major, I feel that it will help me in my profession. I also find this topic very interesting and think that I will be able to learn a lot. As part of my career, I would like to eventually work in a hospital as a social worker. I have thought about working in the Emergency Room, where it is very likely that I will encounter individuals who are experiencing an addiction. By the end of this course, I hope to not only understand how drugs affect individuals physiologically, psychologically, and socially, but also how they affect society as a whole. I think that it is very important to understand the impact of drugs not only on the individual, but also on society because in doing this we can work to decrease the amount of drugs being abused in society. I also would like to understand the recovery aspect of drug addiction because this will be important in my future career.